DHOLAVIRA,OLIVE RIDLEY TURTULE,HPV VACCINE

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DHOLAVIRA
Why in News
“The 31.9 km-long Khavda-Khadir road to reach the UNESCO World Heritage Site at Dholavira, 
opened for tourists in 2023.”
 A UNESCO World Heritage Site, 
 A proto-historic Bronze Age urban settlement of Harappan Civilization across its early, mature, and 
late phases. 
 Located on the island of Khadir within the Rann of Kutch, which is reputed to be the largest salt 
desert in the world. 
 Showcases a stratifi ed society during the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE.
 Comprises a fortifi ed city that includes a Castle , a fortifi ed MiddleTown, and a Lower Town. 
 A large cemetery located to the west of the city features cenotaphs of six diff erent types, - highlights 
their beliefs about the afterlife and remembering the deceased.
 Artifacts discovered include a bead processing workshop and others.
 These fi ndings underscore the Harappan’s advanced craftsmanship and their engagement in various 
forms of artistry and technology.
 Evidence of inter-regional trade with other Harappan cities, as well as with regions in Mesopotamia 
and the Oman peninsula.
 Unlike other Harappan cities typically situated near rivers and perennial water sources, Dholavira’s 
location on the island of Khadir was strategically chosen to harness these diverse mineral and raw.                         OLIVE RIDLEY TURTULE
 Scientifi c Name: Lepidochelys olivacea.
 Distribution: warm waters of the Pacifi c, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans
 Nesting Behavior: famous for their synchronized nesting in mass numbers, known as arribada.
 Size: The Olive ridley turtles are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the 
world,
 Diet: Their diet mainly consists of jellyfi sh, seaweed, crabs, shrimp, and mollusks. They have powerful 
jaws which enable them to feed on a variety of crustaceans such as shrimp and crabs, molluscs, 
tunicates and fi sh.
 Conservation Status: listed as Vulnerable by IUCN, listed in Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) 
Act, 1972. International trade in these turtles and their products is banned under CITES Appendix 
I, National Marine Turtle Action Plan, by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change 
in 2021.
 Reproduction: 50 to 150 eggs per nest and may nest multiple times during a nesting season. 
Orissa houses the world’s largest mass nesting sites for the olive ridley turtle.
 Threats: Major threats include bycatch in fi shing gear, especially ghost nets, coastal development 
aff ecting nesting beaches, pollution, and climate change impacting sex ratios of hatchlings.
 Lifespan: Olive Ridleys can live for several decades in the wild, with potential life spans of up to 50 
years or more.

material sources and to facilitate both internal and external trade to the Magan (modern Oman 
peninsula) and Mesopotamian regions. 
 This strategic positioning underscores the ingenuity of the Harappan people in sel                                                                HPV VACCINE ecting and 
utilizing their environment for urban development, trade, and cultural exchange     
Why in News
“Union Government to encourage HPV vaccination for cervical cancer through relief in price 
capping.”
 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) aff ects the skin and mucous membranes of the body. 
 While HPV does not cause problems for most people, some types can lead to genital warts or 
various cancers, including cervical cancer, which is a signifi cant health concern, especially for women 
in India. 
 HPV testing, which is crucial for detecting the virus early on, is part of cervical screening, and there’s 
no blood test available for HPV.
 Some HPV vaccines are Gardasil 9 and Cervavac—the fi rst Indian-made HPV vaccine by the Serum 
Institute of India.
 The Indian government and several states have initiated free HPV vaccination programs for school 
girls. 
 HPV DNA test shows that they have not yet been exposed to HPV.
 India accounts for nearly a fi fth of the cervical cancer cases globally. India reports around 1.25 lakh 
cases and about 75,000 deaths each year.

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